Energy and exergy inventory in aluminum smelter from a thermal integration point-of-view
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Primary aluminum production is a very energy-intensive industry (~13 MWh per ton of aluminum produced), involving several complex processes within a plant. The paper presents a mass, energy and exergy analysis of an entire smelter. This work was motivated by the need to evaluate the potential for waste heat recovery/thermal integration in such a plant. Three of the main sectors of a smelter are studied, namely the carbon anode production, the electrolytic reduction and the casting. The analysis is applied to a typical smelter producing 260 000 MTAl per year. It was found that the most important waste heat source is the exhaust gases, with an exergy of 0.57 MWh per ton of aluminum produced. The total exergy destroyed in the plant was found to be around 7.7 MWh/MTAl. The potential for doing useful work associated with heat dissipated at process boundaries is also evaluated. Results highlight sources of thermodynamic inefficiencies and indicate where exergy is mainly destroyed throughout the plant. The results contribute in developing a better understanding of the energy and exergy flow within a smelter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".