Description of Primary and Secondary Impairments in Young Children With Cerebral Palsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: We describe primary and secondary impairments in young children with cerebral palsy (CP); report differences in impairments on the basis of Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), age, and sex; and examine the extent that individual impairments account for the construct of primary and secondary impairments. METHODS: Participants included 429 children with CP (242 [56%] male; 1½ to 5 years) representing all GMFCS levels. Reliable assessors collected primary and secondary impairment data using clinical measures. Analyses included descriptive statistics, comparisons among GMFCS, age, and sex, and factor analysis. RESULTS: Young children with CP present with primary and secondary impairments. Significant differences in impairments occur among some GMFCS levels and age groups but not sex groups. Postural stability contributed most to primary impairments and strength to secondary impairments. CONCLUSION: Young children with CP across GMFCS levels may have already developed secondary impairments that should be addressed within therapy services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".