Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unions in a general equilibrium model. This paper attempts to determine a union's equilibrium wage-employment tradeoff, i.e. the percentage change in the union wage which will occur if the union restricts employment in the unionized industry by 1 per cent, taking into account the induced responses of producers and consumers. The paper also determines the changes in the real income of the various consumer groups in the model induced by the union distortion. Duality theory is used in order to derive 'painlessly' the union's employment-wage trade- off as a function of the various elasticities of substitution and distributive shares, both in production and consumption. An illustrative numerical example based on Canadian data is presented. Les syndicats dans un modele d'equilibre general. L'auteur presente une genera- lisation du modele Johnson-Mieszkowski sur la question. I1 suppose que le syn- dicat peut controler le nombre de travailleurs disponibles pour les employeurs dans l'industrie syndiquee; en d'autres termes, le syndicat fixe le salaire et les employeurs decident du nombre de travailleurs embauches, au salaire fixe, sur la base de considerations relatives a la minimisation des couts. Dans le modele, on trouve une industrie avec syndicat et une industrie sans syndicat; quatre fac- teurs de production: des cols bleus syndiques, des cols bleus non syndiques, des cols blancs et du capital; quatre categories de consommateurs: des cols bleus syn- diques, des cols bleus non syndiques, des cols blancs et des capitalistes. L'article a pour objet la determination de l'equilibre general resultant de la presence du syn- dicat, et qui prend la forme d'un arbitrage entre le salaire et 1'emploi; en d'autres termes, il s'agit de determiner le pourcentage de changement du salaire du secteur syndique qui se produit quand le syndicat limite l'emploi dans l'industrie syndi- quee, en tenant compte des reactions induites chez les producteurs et les consom- mateurs. L'article a aussi pour objet la determination des changements du revenu
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.038 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".