Childbirth In Ontario: The Transition From Home To Hospital In The Early Twentieth Century*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Childbirth has always been a precarious experience. The apprehension that women have felt has been well justified when one considers that, similar to the statistics elsewhere, the maternal mortality rate in Ontario did not drop below one death per 1000 live births until 1950, 1 and that even today, more than one per cent of children in the province die before they reach their first birthday (1,795 children under one year old, including stillborns, died in 1986). 2 These figures do not begin to reflect the numbers of women who are permanently injured during childbirth or the numbers of children who survive in spite of birth defects and birth injuries. As dismal as these statistics seem, however, the nineteenth-century picture was far more sombre. 3 The first three decades of the twentieth century were as tragic in terms of maternal deaths as the late nineteenth century: there was a record high of 489 or 6.75 deaths per 1000 live births in 1920. Infant mortality rates were not significantly reduced until the 1920s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".