The inhibition of spontaneous and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced neutrophil apoptosis by crystals of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate and monosodium urate monohydrate.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis may be inhibited by various proinflammatory stimuli. which may result in prolonged lifetimes and responses of these phagocytic cells with the potential for extended inflammation. We investigated the effect of short term incubation of opsonized crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) or calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) on both spontaneous and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced neutrophil apoptosis. METHODS: Peripheral neutrophils were incubated with plasma opsonized crystals of CPPD or MSUM in the presence or absence of TNF-alpha for 4 h at 37 degrees C. Apoptosis was determined using 3 separate assays: (1) an agarose DNA fragmentation assay, (2) a cytoplasmic histone associated DNA fragmentation assay, and (3) a caspase 3 fluorometric assay. RESULTS: All 3 assays showed similar results. Both MSUM and CPPD crystals inhibited spontaneous apoptosis in neutrophils. TNF-alpha induced high levels of apoptosis in neutrophils. However, co-incubation of the cells with TNF-alpha and crystals resulted in the inhibition of apoptosis to levels below those of control cells. Pretreatment of neutrophils with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide prevented the inhibition of apoptosis by crystals. CONCLUSION: These data support the concept of crystal induced inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis as part of the pathophysiology of the diseases collectively known as crystal induced arthritis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".