Toward a Sodium–“Air” Battery: Revealing the Critical Role of Humidity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Room temperature sodium–air batteries have a similar design and concept as lithium–air batteries. Using ambient air instead of pure oxygen as oxygen source is challenging because the minor components in air could lead to various side reactions and influence the electrochemical reaction route. Although water is an innegligible component in air, its impact on Li– and Na–air batteries is often underestimated. In this study, the electrochemical behavior of Na–air batteries under different relative humidity (RH) has been systemically investigated by galvanic cycling and cyclic voltammetry tests, as well as the identification of corresponding discharge products by physical characterizations such as XRD, FT-IR, and SEM. The reaction mechanisms of Na–air batteries under humid conditions are revealed and discussed. Na–air batteries suffer from more severe impact from the water content in air than Li–air batteries. NaOH and its derivatives are found to form and are proven to be fatal to the cells under humid ambience. Understanding the reaction mechanisms occurred in sodium air batteries under dry and humid ambient is critical to design and develop sodium–air batteries of high performance and long durability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".