Application of Multi-PRINS to Simultaneously Identify Chromosomes 18, X, and Y in Prenatal Diagnosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since its discovery by Koch in 1989, primed in situ labeling (PRINS) reaction provides an alternative approach for direct detection of human chromosomes. The multiple color (multi)-PRINS technique can simultaneously and specifically display different chromosomes with different colors in the same metaphase or interphase nucleus by using sequential labeling of different chromosome targets. We developed a triple-PRINS reaction on uncultured amniotic cells by omitting the blocking step and taking advantage of mixing two fluorochromes (fluorescein and rhodamine) to create a third color for simultaneous detection in the same amniocytes of three different chromosome targets, e.g., chromosomes 18, X, and Y. Fluorescent signals corresponding to chromosomes 18, X, and Y were shown as yellow, red, and green color spots, respectively. Multi-PRINS is as accurate and reliable as multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (multi-FISH) for the detection of aneuploidies involving chromosomes 18, X, and Y. Furthermore, multi-PRINS represents a faster and more cost-effective alternative to FISH for prenatal testing of aneuploidy in uncultured amniocytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".