From Clones to Packets: The Development of Competition in Local Residential Telecommunications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
his paper explores the development of local telecommunications competition and the role of regulation in North America, from the original expectation that new entrants would look like the incumbent local exchange carriers (ILEC clones) to the current, and more promising, entry by companies using the Internet’s packet technology to provide telephone service (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP). Policies were put in place by federal and state regulators that were sometimes consistent, and sometimes inconsistent, with permitting facilities-based entry by ILEC clones, and these polices are now being reconsidered in light of the experience with this type of entry. New policies are now required to permit entry by VoIP service providers, and these policies must be reconciled with the previous local telecommunications competition policies that were put in place. Comparing and contrasting U. S. and Canadian regulatory policy can often provide some useful insights into the development of local exchange competition. The paper offers a framework for analyzing VoIP service that illuminates the regulatory and policy issues that must be addressed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".