The China Factor: Railroading Is a Growth Industry Again, Thanks in Large Part to Surging Import Traffic from 'The World's Factory.'
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article describes the tremendous impact Chinese imports are having on the North American railroad industry. In 1985, the U.S. imported $3.8 billion worth of goods from China. By 2005 that amount had grown to $243 billion, and that growth has been a boon to railroad profitability, employment, and demand for freight cars and locomotives. The article provides details on how the China trade has affected BNSF Railway with its well-developed intermodal network and access to major West Coast ports. The article also describes how various railroads are coping with this sudden growth, and how the railroads are sending containers back to China with grains from Canada and soybeans from the U.S. The author also examines the importance of ports for handling the container volume and how the railroads work with them. This is the first in a series of two articles
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it