Localization of androgen and estrogen receptors in rat and primate tissues.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There is now evidence that estrogens and androgens are exerting their effects in different tissues throughout the body. In order to determine the sites of action of these steroids, studies have been performed to identify at the cellular level the localization of androgen receptor (AR) and the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERalpha and ERbeta, specially in the rat, monkey and human. In the prostate, AR was observed in the secretory and stromal cells. In the testis, Sertoli, Leydig and myoid cells were labelled. In the epididymis and seminal vesicles, both epithelial and stromal cells contained AR. In the ovary, AR was detected in granulosa and interstitial cells. In the uterus, epithelial, stromal and muscle cells were all immunopositive for AR. In the central nervous system, AR-containing neurons were found to be widely distributed throughout the brain. In the mammary gland, epithelial cells in acini and ducts and stromal cells were demonstrated to express AR. In the skin, AR was detected in keratinocytes, sebaceous and sweat glands, and hair follicles. In addition, AR was also found in anterior pituitary, thyroid, adrenal cortex, liver, kidney tubules, urinary bladder, cardiac and striated muscle, and bone. The ER subtypes are in general differentially expressed. While ERalpha has been predominantly found in anterior pituitary, uterus, vagina, testis, liver and kidney, ERbeta is predominant in thyroid, ovary, prostate, skin, bladder, lungs, gastro-intestinal tract, cartilage and bone. In tissues which contain both receptor subtypes, such as ovary, testis and various regions of the brain, a cell-specific localization for each ER subtype has been generally observed. Altogether, the recent results on the cellular localization of sex steroid receptors will certainly contribute to a better understanding of the specific role of these steroids in different target organs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Review About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Not applicable | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Review About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Other design | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".