‘Papa’ Jack and US Federal Interventions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After reviewing the significance of race and celebrity in comparative law, this examination details the legal encounters plaguing former world heavyweight champion boxer, Texan Arthur John (Jack) Johnson. On Boxing Day 1908 ‘Papa’ Jack became the first Afro-American to successfully cross the colour line by defeating Canadian Tommy Burns in the unlikely venue of Rushcutters Bay, Sydney. On returning to the United States, and successfully defending his title against ‘Gentleman’ James J. Jeffries, the federal government commenced a protracted series of legal interventions, virtually ending Johnson’s professional sports career. The legal relationships between the federal ‘white slavery’ and ‘fight film’ prohibitions are documented, illustrating the combination of paternalistic racial, moral and commercial justifications levelled against Johnson and images of his prize-fighting exploits. Various legal and bureaucratic implications of this multi-faceted purge within and beyond early modern sport, entertainment and film are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".