Continuous and Surge Irrigation Effects on Hydraulic Parameters and Water Quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Limited information exists on comparing the effect of continuous and surge irrigation on hydraulic parameters and water quality under border-strip irrigation in the Canadian Prairies. A site on a clay loam soil in southern Alberta was used to compare these two irrigation methods (three replicates) on plots seeded to barley (Hordeum vulgare) in 1996 and 1997. Irrigation was conducted on border-strip plots in July and August of each year. Irrigation hydraulic parameters, soil water content, chloride and sediment in runoff, chloride in suction lysimeters, soil and shallow groundwater, and the water table level were measured before and after irrigation. Surge irrigation significantly (P ≤ 0.10) reduced the following hydraulic parameters compared to continuous irrigation: irrigation water applied (129–304%), total surface runoff (93–257%), maximum outflow rate (25–146%), advance time to the end of the field (214–273%), total infiltration depth of water (135–390%), and total irrigation time. However, irrigation treatment had no significant effect on surface runoff and infiltration depth of water when expressed as a percentage of the total amount of irrigation water applied. Surge had little or no effect on the concentration, flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) and mass loss of chloride and sediment in runoff. The exceptions were in July 1996, where mass loss of chloride was 180% lower under surge; and in August 1997, where the concentration of chloride was 44% lower under surge. Irrigation method had little or no significant effect on the soil water content, concentration of chloride in suction lysimeters and groundwater, the total mass of chloride in the soil profile, and the water table level. However, there was a trend towards lower chloride values under continuous than surge irrigation in the lysimeters and soil, suggesting a potential for greater leaching under the former method. Although surge irrigation had little or no positive effect on water quality compared to continuous irrigation, surge is still the preferred irrigation method because of its many improvements in hydraulic parameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".