Application of Ultrasonic Wavesfor Degassing of Drilling Fluids and Crude OilsApplication of Ultrasonic Waves for Degassing of Drilling Fluids and Crude Oils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the oil and gas industry, both the produced oil and the drilling fluids used while drilling will contain gases that are entrapped within their liquid systems. These gases are removed, or degassed, using several methods such as separator tanks (for crude oil) and vacuum degassers (for drilling mud). This project, however, proposes a novel, environment friendly and cheap method of degassing that uses ultrasonic waves to remove gas bubbles from liquid systems. This method could be incorporated with already existing degassing technologies to increase their efficiency. The objective of this work, therefore, is to investigate the feasibility of using ultrasonic waves as a method of degassing drilling fluids and crude oil samples. The basic idea of this new method is based on the effect that ultrasonic waves generate when in contact with a liquid medium as they create repeated compressions (high-pressure cycles) and rarefactions (low-pressure cycles) in which small vacuum bubbles (voids) are formed in the liquid. Dissolved gases will migrate into these small voids which will coalesce and then rapidly grow into large size bubbles that are easily removed out of the liquid. Hence, this method insures more effective removal of dissolved gases that are entrapped within the liquid. Also, as this whole process happens rapidly, gas bubbles will have shorter time in contact with the liquid particles which reduces the possibility of gas redissolving; especially in the case of highly viscous liquids such as oil. This further adds to the advantages of using this new method. For the purpose of this project, several testing methods such as sonication, density, pH, Particle Size Distribution (PSD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and corrosion testing were conducted. These tests aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical impacts that ultrasonic waves have on the tested systems. The results of these tests prove, to a great extent, the effectiveness of ultrasonic waves in removing gases from water based mud and crude oil samples. The impact of ultrasonic waves on the physical and chemical properties of the tested fluid systems, however, requires further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".