Young People as Leaders in (and Sometimes Victims of) Political and Cultural Change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Young people are often thought to be bearers of change. Often, however, this image — like the related perception that young people comprise distinct subcultures both within and across societies — is based on aspects of life that have little to do with societal organisation and governance. No one can seri- ously debate the premise that, in most of the world, taste in clothing, music and food of the average 9- or 14-year-old is apt to differ from that of the aver- age 40- or 60-year-old, both within and across cultures. Moreover, the 40- or 60-year-old at age 9 or 14 is apt to have had quite different preferences from that of young people today. However, it is hardly self-evident that preference for pizza, jeans and alternative rock translates into a particular political phi- losophy, or that changes in youthful fashion are valid indicators of trends in civic engagement and political attitudes, whether societally or globally. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".