The Salihiyya Quarter of Damascus at the Beginning of Ottoman Rule: The Ambiguous Relations between Religious Institutions and waqf Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is widely accepted in the field of urban studies that waqf foundations played a crucial role in the development of Middle Eastern cities. Although documents relating to waqf endowment in Ottoman Syria are rare in comparison with those of Ottoman Egypt and Turkey, some pioneering studies have been done on the urban development of Damascus using waqf endowment deeds found at the Zahiriya Library. This chapter attempts to analyse waqf endowment activity and its effect on urban development in the Salihiyya Quarter, thus extending our horizon to the smaller endowments listed in these registers. Through the analysis of three registers, several conclusions about the relationship of urban development and the waqf system in the Salihiyya quarter can be drawn. First, urban development depended greatly on agricultural properties; second, the preponderance of family waqf; and third is the scarcity of details on donated waqf properties. Keywords: Damascus; Ottoman Egypt; Ottoman Syria; Ottoman Turkey; Salihiyya Quarter; waqf properties; Zahiriya Library
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".