Sex differences in first-year students at Canadian medical schools.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare male and female medical students by age, level of education before admission to medical school, race/ethnicity, parental education level, socioeconomic status, and attitudes toward public health care. METHODS: In 2001, we conducted an Internet-based survey of all students enrolled in the 16 medical schools across Canada. Based on the high response rate, first-year medical students at Canadian medical schools outside of Quebec were included in this analysis. The interactions between sex and age, years of premedical education, race/ethnicity, parental occupation, education and household income, impact of finances on choice of medical school, future specialty and practice location, attitudes toward private funding in the Canadian health care system were examined using descriptive statistics and chi2 tests. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between male and female medical students in age, level of education before admission, and race/ethnicity. Female students' fathers (p=.046) and mothers (p=.061) were more likely to hold positions of higher occupational status than were those of male students. There was no significant difference between the parental household incomes of male and female students. Male students were more likely than female students to state that financial considerations would affect their choice of specialty (p=.002) and practice location (p=.002). Male students were more likely to express a positive attitude toward private funding in the health care system, both with respect to increasing the amount of private funding (p=.007) and the addition of private paying patients (p=.002). CONCLUSION: Although women have almost reached equity with men in undergraduate medical education, female students are more likely than male students to have highly educated parents, suggesting that some barriers to access may still exist. The differences in attitudes of female and male medical students to finances and the public health care system become increasingly important as more women practice medicine. These sex differences need to be investigated further, as they could have implications for health policy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".