Hyponatremia in patients with chronic kidney disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hyponatremia is a common condition encountered in clinical practice. A number of studies have associated low serum sodium levels with increased mortality in various patient populations, such as hospitalized patients and patients with various comorbid conditions; recent studies have shown that individuals with chronic kidney disease also are afflicted by hyponatremia. However, few studies have focused on patients with hemodialysis. Evidence supporting the incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia, clinical characteristics and the association with patient outcomes with hemodialysis is limited. In the present review, we examined the physiology and pathophysiology of water and sodium balance with a special emphasis on changes occurring during end-stage renal disease. The outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis were associated with low serum sodium. We evaluated the associations between hyponatremia and mineral bone abnormalities and discussed the elevated incidence and prevalence of difficult clinical outcomes associated with hyponatremia. We also provided specific recommendations for hemodialysis treatment in hyponatremic patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".