The Impact of Globalization on Subnational Expenditures: Efficiency and Compensation Effects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the effects of economic openness and globalization on the structure of provincial government expenditures in Argentina. In particular, we are interested in the effects on social expenditures and its components, as an expression of the welfare state. Much of the existing literature has examined this relationship at the country level. This work contributes to this literature by extending analysis to the subnational sector. A dynamic panel data model is estimated using GMM – both in Differences and in Systems for the 24 jurisdictions of Argentina (23 provinces and the city of Buenos Aires) over the period 1993-2010. The paper includes a measure of globalization adapted from the KOF index proposed by Dreher (2006) which is estimated at the level of sub-national governments. Results indicate that economic openness and globalization have a negative impact on the participation of social expenditures. This is the expected result taking into account the “efficiency” effect versus the “compensation” effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".