Air Passengers Rights in the EU: International Uniformity versus Regional Harmonization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article discusses a legal regime of air passengers’ rights in the European Union in light of exclusivity of the Montreal Convention of 1999. In particular, an analysis of Regulation No 216/2004 and associated case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is discussed since it provides the only real illustration so far of how an international transport convention is applied and interpreted in the EU legal framework. The analysis of CJEU case law will be complemented by cases decided by the courts in common law jurisdictions, in particular, judgments emanating from the highest courts in the UK, US and Canada. The interplay between the international and EU legal orders has been a subject of rigorous academic debate since the early days of the European Communities and is of increasing relevance at present. In the context of this article, such interaction is critically examined from the standpoint that both regimes should co-exist in harmony and complement each other, and that the EU should contribute to international unification, rather than prevent Member States from effectively participating in the development of international conventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".