The Effect Of High-Intensity Interval Exercise On Endothelial Function In Type 2 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a potent exercise stimulus to improve cardiovascular and metabolic health. This type of exercise may be particularly beneficial in reducing cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes (T2D), in part by improving vascular function. Improvements in endothelial function with exercise are thought to be mediated by repetitive increases in shear stress. Manipulating the pattern and intensity of the shear stress with different exercise modes may elicit differing responses in endothelial function. PURPOSE: To examine the acute effect of high-intensity interval cycling exercise compared to interval-style leg resistance exercise on endothelial function in T2D. METHODS: Six T2D and six age-matched non-T2D control participants completed three acute trials consisting of no exercise time-control (20 min sitting), cycling HIIT, and leg resistance exercise HIIT (both as 7 X 1-min high-intensity with 1-min light recovery) in a randomized counterbalanced design. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured at baseline, immediately after, and at one and two hours of recovery in each trial. RESULTS: Resistance exercise HIIT significantly improved FMD% compared to control and cycling HIIT in both T2D and age-matched healthy controls (main effect of condition, P<0.05). In T2D, the increase in FMD% relative to baseline was greater immediately after resistance exercise HIT (4.5 ± 2.7%), compared to both control (-0.1 ± 0.8%; P=0.02) and HIT (0.1 ± 2.7%; P=0.03) respectively. In age-matched controls, the improvement in FMD% relative to baseline was higher at one and two hours after resistance exercise HIIT when compared to cycling HIIT (P<0.05). The improvements in FMD% occurred in conjunction with a higher shear rate area under the curve response seen after resistance exercise HIIT compared to control (condition X time interaction, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Interval-style leg resistance exercise may be an effective exercise stimulus to acutely improve endothelial function in people with, and without, T2D.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".