Radiation Dose Distribution Measurements of Kilo-Voltage Photons Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence Detectors (OSLs) in Radiological Procedures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OSL detectors were used for dose measurement in a solid water phantom. Two other detectors, Cobia Flex (RTI Electronics) and PTW-Diados were also used to verify the measurements. Radiation doses were measured for a wide range of radiographic techniques and set of parameters from very low (1 mAs, 55 kV) to very high (140 mAs, 120 kV) exposures. Multiple x-ray units were used to ensure that the measured doses are independent of x-ray units and are dependent on the specified radiographic parameters. Measurements were performed at the standard medical radiographic imaging Source-to-Image-Distances (SID) of 100 cm and 180 cm. all the x-ray beams were collimated to produce a 20 cm × 20 cm field size.We measured the radiation doses at different depths and estimated entrance surface doses during common radiological procedures. Measured doses fall exponentially with depths at all energies and exposures. A nonlinear relation is clearly evident between the dose and the x-ray beam energy. The measurements also show that the radiation dose is directly proportional to the exposure. Entrance Surface Doses (ESD) were also measured and found to be as low as 0.119 mGy±0.020 (0.092-0.141) for extremities to as high as 13.083 mGy±3.988(8.246-17.560) to the Spine and Abdomen. ESDs for the chest x-ray were measured to be 0.158 mGy±0.074(0.034-0.275).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".