Ethnic connections, foreign housing investment and locality: a case study of Seoul
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new trend in global cities has been the increasing volume of foreign capital flowing into property markets with cross-border housing investment becoming a focus for international migrants. However, how ethnicity plays out in the housing market, particularly for home ownership, along with global migration, has not been well explored in emerging economies despite the increase in human and capital mobility. The aim of this paper is to identify the main housing investors with respect to ethnic connections and to explore intra-urban spatial expressions of foreign housing investment using Seoul as a case study. The result reveals that knowledge of local circumstances, usually via previous residency or shared ethnicity, can be significantly strengthened via ethnic and/or family ties. Koreans living in high-income Western Anglophone countries such as the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have been the key source of inbound funds in Korea. Foreign housing investment has appeared in three key areas where different groups of foreign nationals and translational class have been concentrated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it