AMERİKAN BELGELERİNE GÖRE BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SIRASINDA OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE PARA POLİTİKASI VE BU DOĞRULTUDA YAPILAN DÜZENLEMELER
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first quarter of 20th century presented very troublesome years for Turkey both in terms of military and economic developments. The government spending was augmented to a great extent by the longlasting wars and this increased the significance of monetary policies. The Ottoman wartime government, therefore, resorted to printing paper money (kaime/ evrak-ı nakdiye). Like its two previous examples in the Empire, issuing paper money in large amounts created a quagmire of economic problems because of the already existing structural problems in the monetary system. This situation necessitated some rearrangements in the monetary system. This study examines the Ottoman monetary policies during WWI and the factors influencing these policies as well as the arrangements made in the Ottoman monetary system. In this respect, the kaime practice, 1916 Single Currency Act (Tevhid-i Meskûkât Kanunu), the establishment of the Central Commission of Foreign Exchange Affairs (Kambiyo Muamelat-ı Merkez Komisyonu) in 1917 and the practical effects of this Commission are discussed on the basis of the primary sources from the National Archives and Record Administration of the USA (NARA).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.020 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".