Preliminary Investigation of the Higher-Order Ruddlesden-Popper Phases for IT-SOFC Cathodes, Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 2 and 3)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ruddlesden-Popper phase, La 2 NiO 4+δ , has generated much interest as an alternative cathode material to the conventionally used perovskite-based materials, La 1−x Sr x BO 3 (B = Mn, Co), particularly in the intermediate temperature range (873–1073 K). This is largely due to a combination of good electrical conductivity with high oxide-ion diffusion coefficients in this temperature range. In a previous study, however, the degradation of La 2 NiO 4+δ into a mixed Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ impurity phase was reported when subjected to prolonged heating at 1173 K for two weeks. This has been attributed to the favourable stability of the Ni 3+ ion at lower temperatures (T < 1273 K) compared to the predominant Ni 2+ present in this phase. We report here the results of an investigative study of the higher-order, mixed Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ Ruddlesden-Popper phases La n+1 Ni n O 3n+1 ( n = 2 and 3 ) for possible use as cathodes in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Details regarding the preparation and subsequent characterization of the La n+1 Ni n O 3n+1 ( n = 2 and 3 ) phases by x-ray diffraction, oxygen content determination, electrical conductivity, thermal stability and area specific resistance measurements on symmetrical LSGM cells are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".