Comparative Study of Duress in Certain Religious Penalties in Imami Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
According to freedom of will, people are responsible for what they do and due to this principle, they would be punished. However, whenever human's will is distorted for some reason, punishment would be null and void. One of these reasons that can distort individual will is the principle of duress that is discussed in Imami Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code several times. Hence, almost in all crimes that their penalties are codified in Islamic Penal Code, duress can cause disclaimer of the coercer; unless about duress in murder. Although there are many disputes among jurists on retaliation or lack of retaliation for this crime, opinion of majority of jurists on acceptance of retaliation is accepted by the legislator. About other crimes like duress in adultery and sodomy, the coercer would be disclaimed; unless in cases that the criminal claims for coercion. In this case, legislator accepts principle of lack of duress and makes the court responsible for investigations. However, in Imami jurisprudence, the sentence would be issued for disclaimer of the coercer immediately after creation of doubt for judge and in case of probability of accuracy of claim.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it