Bibliographic record
Abstract
This ambitious work combines intensive research on the economy of central New Jersey, focused on the region around Trenton, with a stimulating, deeply informed, and often critical reading of a vast array of recent and classic literature on the transition to industrial capitalism in the United States and in western Europe. Between 1800 and the 1850s, the region was transformed from a mainly rural world of independent producers, whose patterns of landholding, production, exchange, and movement are richly described here, into a heartland of American industry. Although a few exceptional factories are discussed, this local scene and the larger process of industrialization are linked particularly by a close study of the transportation corridor between New York and Philadelphia, organized through the Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike Company, the Camden and Amboy Railroad, and the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company. By 1832, the latter had combined forces and through the state legislature had secured a monopoly on the route. The key figures in making and maintaining this organization, including associated forwarding lines, emerged from a world of merchants, hotel and tavern keepers, and steamboat, stage, and ferry operators. Led by the Stevens family, they created a very successful, technologically advanced railroad on a key route. Yet the enterprises were actually operated in traditional fashion, which Pierre Gervais calls “precapitalist” (p. 203), through partnerships, contracts, and subcontracts. Into at least the 1850s, the system was, he argues, run as a “small family enterprise” (p. 210).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.040 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".