Dynastic Politics, International Protestantism and Royal Rebellion: Prince George of Denmark and the Glorious Revolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article reveals the importance of Prince George of Denmark to James II and William of Orange. It places George in the world of early modern European politics, when foreign policy and international relations were inextricably linked with dynastic politics, and many were concerned about the future well-being of Protestantism. The religious component is crucial as the evidence strongly suggests that George felt he belonged to a ‘Protestant International’, not defined by membership of a particular nation. By drawing attention to the polycentric nature of the Stuart court in the 1680s, the workings of dynastic politics in the international arena that involved secret political manoeuvrings in the run up to the invasion, and then detailing the way in which George behaved following William’s arrival, this article argues that Prince George played a crucial role in the Glorious Revolution. It will also demonstrate that in the 1690s George helped to consolidate and promote the new regime. During the period in question the Prince and Princess of Denmark were a political partnership, and rather than being led by others, they joined forces with William and Mary because they each had a distinct political agenda. George pursued policies he believed would benefit the Stuart–Oldenburg dynasty in England, and its related houses in Europe, and the cause of international Protestantism. A subsidiary theme of this article will be the continuing importance of ceremonies involving royalty to the political culture of urban communities in early modern England.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".