Tall Grass Biomass for Biogas: Investigating the Use of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud. (Common Reed) as an Energy Feedstock in Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We evaluated the use of wild Phragmites australis as a biogas feedstock along with two perennial grass crops: Miscanthus x giganteus and Panicum virgatum. July biomass yields for P. australis were not statistically different than those of M x giganteus and were greater than those of P. virgatum, at 1.85 ±0.16, 1.28 ±0.15, and 0.49 ±0.06 kg dry matter (DM) m-2, respectively. The methane production potential of July-harvested P. australis was lower than M x giganteus, at 172.4 ±15.3 and 229.8 ±15.2 normalized liters CH4 kg-1 volatile solids, respectively. Findings from a secondary study showed that grass seeds were unable to survive long durations of anaerobic digestion. Seed viability of P. australis, P. virgatum, Phalaris arundinacea, and Solanum lycopersicum was reduced by 95% (LT95) after 29, 52, 98, and 105 hours of commercial-scale anaerobic digestion, respectively, whereas typical anaerobic digesters have operating times ranging from 240 to 1,480 hours.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".