A revision of the <i> <scp>E</scp> ncarsia pergandiella </i> species complex ( <scp>H</scp> ymenoptera: <scp>A</scp> phelinidae) shows cryptic diversity in parasitoids of whitefly pests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Encarsia pergandiella H oward, described from N orth A merica ( USA ), and E ncarsia tabacivora V iggiani, described from South America (Brazil) ( Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae ), are two formally recognized taxonomic entities, that have been treated by several authors as synonyms due to lack of strong diagnostic characters. Taxonomy of these species is further complicated because several populations, geographically separated and differing in their biology, have been included under the concept of E. pergandiella . Among these, a population originally collected in B razil and introduced to North America reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis and is infected by the symbiont C ardinium , while a morphologically indistinguishable population, naturally occurring in T exas, is biparental and infected by a related strain of C ardinium that induces cytoplasmic incompatibility. A third population known from C alifornia and introduced to the Old World is biparental and uninfected by intracellular symbionts. While adult females of the first two populations have entirely light yellow bodies and pupate face up (light form), those of the third population have largely brown bodies and pupate face down (dark form). Other dark form populations are known from Texas, Florida and New York . Because these parasitoids are economically important biological control agents of cosmopolitan whitefly pests, it is critical to characterize them correctly. In this study, we integrated molecular and morphometric analyses to substantiate observed differences in biological traits, and resolve the complicated taxonomy of this species complex. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and the D2 region of the ribosomal 28S gene for individuals of both light form (from Texas and Brazil ) and dark form (from California, Texas, Italy and Canary Islands ) originating from laboratory cultures or collected in the field. Phylogenetic analysis unambiguously distinguished three well‐supported groups corresponding to the T exas light form, the B razil light form and the dark form. Individuals of these three groups, in combination with all available type material ( E. pergandiella , its synonym Encarsia versicolor G irault and E. tabacivora ) and additional museum specimens of the dark form from New York and Italy , were subjected to multivariate morphometric analyses using Burnaby principal component analysis followed by a linear discriminant analysis, and multivariate ratio analysis . Overall, the analyses showed that: (i) E. pergandiella and E. tabacivora are two distinct species; (ii) the thelytokous B razil light form corresponds to E. tabacivora ; (iii) the biparental T exas light form is a new species formally described here as E ncarsia suzannae sp.n. ; (iv) two new biparental species can be referred to the dark form, one described as E ncarsia gennaroi sp.n. including the populations sampled in California, Texas, Italy and Canary Islands , and the other corresponding to the population from New York described as Encarsia marthae sp.n. A dichotomous key for both sexes of the species of the E . pergandiella complex is provided for identification. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:278475A0‐C2C4‐4400‐A042‐A5716457829D .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".