The differences between historians of empire and other scholars in explaining the causes of imperial expansion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study discussed and compared the explanations of historians of empires and other scholars for imperial expansion. It provided different interpretation about the factors which caused imperialism. I basically relied on qualitative methods to gain an understanding of complicated phenomenon. It should be said that most of historians had the same opinion and they said this phenomenon lasted from 1870 to 1914 and it was different with colonialism. I found that there was not the same opinion between historians of empire and scholars of non-empire, both sides were completely different in explaining the causes of the phenomenon. Historian of empire focused on economic, social and political factors of imperial countries in interpretation of this phenomenon, but scholars of non-empire focused on cultures, disunity, economic stagnation and underdevelopment of third world countries in explanation of imperial expansion. Keywords: Imperialism, Nationalism, Imperial Expansion, Historian, Scholars, Causes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.016 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".