A 2D Proof of Principle Towards a 3D Digital SiPM in HV CMOS With Low Output Capacitance
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 3D vertical integration of SPAD and readout electronics is a promising avenue to high performance photodetectors. This approach will minimize most limitations of current SiPM and lead to better performances in terms of effective PDE, timing and added functionalities. In this paper, we present a new integrated digital SiPM electronic architecture. This specific architecture aims to replace conventional analog SiPM with the added benefits of a significantly lower and constant output capacitance as well as immunity to SPAD to SPAD gain variation on the single photon resolution while providing an analog-like output signal waveform representing the sum of all triggered SPADs. This electronic architecture also offers options to turn off noisy SPADs, to reduce afterpulsing through a programmable hold-off time and to adjust the dynamic range of the output depending on the photon flux. While the 3D integration process development is underway, we realized a 2D version as a proof of principle of the electronic architecture. The 2D detector presented in this article is composed of an array of 242 pixels for a size of 1.1 × 1.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The output capacitance of the device is 5.6 pF/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , the timing jitter associated to the quenching circuit is about 40 ps FWHM and the maximum timing skew within the array is about 70 ps, which could still be optimized.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it