A History of Black Immigration into the United States and Canada with Culture and Policy Implications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beginning with the migrations of Africans from the island of Madagascar into the United States during the nineteenth century, this chapter attempts to provide an alternative history of African negotiation of space and freedom in Western societies in which restrictive institutions such as slavery, racism, and other forms of inequalities have continued to affect the lives of black populations. By writing about the experiences of immigrants of Malagasy, Senegalese, and Caribbean origins into the United States or Canada, this collaborative chapter attempts to disrupt a narrow conception of Black Atlantic studies, which tends to focus on the experiences of only African Americans, failing to connect these experiences with those of other African-descended populations of the old and new Diasporas. Whether in Wilson-Fall’s work on Madagascar, Gooden’s on Canada, M’Baye’s on Senegal, the experiences of black immigrants into the Western world reveal ingenuous ways of circumventing stringent policies of racial and economic domination and control through subversive use of spirituality and communalism as tools of building economic power and cultural space.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".