27. Metal contamination in soils in the Mediterranean area and implications for the food chain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent decades, Mediterranean metropolitan areas have undergone rapid industrialisation and urbanisation, leading to an increase in trace metal contamination in soils and directly affecting public health. The Mediterranean basin is characterised by poorly developed soils or soils containing CaCO3 in one or several of their horizons. The metal retention capacity in calcareous soils is often high, and the low rainfall and high evapotranspiration characteristic of the Mediterranean climate also favours metal accumulation in the soil surface layer. The bioavailable metal concentration may be increased by the action of soil organisms and/or changes in environmental conditions, thus highlighting the vulnerability of these soils. This work reviews a number of studies on trace metal contamination in soils in the Mediterranean region, and reports on sources and contamination levels of metals in agricultural, mining, smelting, industrial and urban soils. It also discusses the soil properties affecting metal availability. In order to highlight the implications for the food chain, we reviewed and discussed the research carried out in the Mediterranean area into the bioaccumulation of metals in food and forage crops with regard to sources of metal pollution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".