Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder: A Review of Its Conceptualizations, Potential Origins, Impact, and Treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is a condition characterized by symptoms of physiologic (typically genital) sexual arousal in the absence of perceived subjective sexual arousal. The physiologic arousal can last hours or days, or it can occur constantly, and it does not typically remit after orgasm(s). The symptoms are usually described as distressing, intrusive, and unwanted. AIM: To review the available literature on PGAD. METHODS: A literature review through April 2016 was undertaken using terms persistent genital arousal disorder, persistent sexual arousal syndrome, and restless genital syndrome. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome is a review of the conceptualization of PGAD, its prevalence, proposed etiologies and treatments, and its impact on psychosocial and sexual functioning. RESULTS: Much of the research on the potential etiologies and treatments of PGAD is published in the form of case studies. Several etiologies of PGAD have been proposed; however, a cause or causes have not been confirmed. A range of treatments has been explored primarily in case studies, from electroconvulsive therapy to oral medication, with variable success rates. Psychologically based treatments have been suggested but have yet to be evaluated. Online surveys have found initial evidence supporting the negative impact of PGAD on mental health and sexual functioning; however, more research is needed in this area. CONCLUSION: Although PGAD was first conceptualized 15 years ago, it remains a very under-researched condition. Currently, little is known about its biopsychosocial correlates, etiologies, or successful treatments. Future research directions are identified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".