Pure Stone: Archaeological Evidence for Jewish Purity Practices in Late Second Temple Judaism (Miqwa’ot and Stone Vessels)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Material devices of identity formation and group delineation are some of the most controversial topics in the current debate about the character of the material culture of ancient Palestinian Judaism. Among the most prominent examples are those elements that seem directly indicative of specifically ‘Jewish’ religious practices and beliefs, such as stepped pools (Miqwa’ot) or stone vessels. Stone vessels were hardly noticed before the 1960s, when intensive excavations in Jerusalem by Kathleen Kenyon (Ophel), Magen Broshi (Citadel), Nahman Avigad (Jewish Quarter), Yigal Shiloh (City of David) and Benjamin Mazar (Temple Mount) began to turn up large quantities in different types and forms. Fortunately, these joint scholarly efforts have pushed stone vessels from an often-overlooked piece of material culture to one of the best-known and most intensively discussed indicators of Jewish religious practice in Second Temple period Palestine. Keywords:archaeological evidence; Jewish purity practices; material culture; Miqwa’ot; Second temple Judaism; stone vessels
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".