Effects of Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and NaClO<sub>4</sub> on the Molecular Organization of H<sub>2</sub>O
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study thermodynamic behaviors of 1-propanol (abbreviated as 1P) in ternary 1P−salt−H 2 O in order to elucidate the effects of salt on the molecular organization of H 2 O. We determine the excess partial molar enthalpy of 1P, H 1P E, as a function of the mole fraction of 1P, x 1P, and the salt. We examine the x 1P dependence of H 1P E, and changes induced by the presence of salt are used to elucidate the effect of the salt on the molecular organization of H 2 O. We previously found that an NaCl ion pair binds 7 to 8 molecules of H 2 O, but has no effect on H 2 O outside of the hydration shell. Na 2 SO 4 and NaClO 4, on the other hand, modify the molecular organization of H 2 O each in different ways. In particular, ClO 4 - seems to participate in the hydrogen bond network of H 2 O and to retard the degree of fluctuation inherent in liquid H 2 O.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".