Bibliographic record
Abstract
Those who would give up essential Liberty, to purchase a little temporary Safety, deserve neither Liberty nor Safety. Benjamin Franklin, 1755 I am persuaded that no constitution was ever before so well calculated as ours for extensive empire and self government.…Nothing should ever be accepted which would require a navy to defend it. Thomas Jefferson, 1809 Armed shipping must follow the peaceful vessels of commerce. Alfred Thayer Mahan, 1890 For more than a century following the Glorious Revolution, England and France vied for mastery of European affairs and until 1763 engaged in a struggle for imperial dominance across the Atlantic. The latter contest, fought mainly in Canada and the Great Lakes region of British America, produced a level of indebtedness that London could ill afford. Believing the American colonies to be the prime beneficiaries of France's defeat in the French and Indian War in 1763, Parliament enacted several laws intended to ease Britain's financial burden. Raising revenue through either direct or indirect taxation was a crucial way of paying for the security that would be required when France was ready to do battle again, as it doubtless would be. Unfortunately for Great Britain, the wages of empire became burdensome at a time when the idea of a common past was taking hold in its colonies south of Canada. Broad cultural similarities existed across the colonies, despite their lack of political cohesion.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".