“The Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man”: Mainline American Protestants and the Kristallnacht Pogrom
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Within the literature that concerns itself with North American responses to the Holocaust, there exists a wide range of opinion. On one end of the spectrum is David Wyman’s verdict that the American reaction to Jewish plight amounted to abandonment, and on the other end is William Rubinstein’s insistence that it was a myth that anything significant could have been done to rescue Jews. Amid the lamentations over the weakness of North American responses to the Holocaust, it has been asserted that the Christian churches were especially culpable for their ambivalence toward and neglect of the Jews suffering persecution in Nazi Germany. To use a Canadian example, Irving Abella and Harold Troper argued that “most Canadians seemed indifferent to the suffering of German Jews and hostile to their admission to Canada,” then went on to assert that “the churches remained silent.”1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".