Conceiving Cooperation among American Newspapers, 1848–1892
Bibliographic record
Abstract
John Sayward’s scoop was big news, especially in Bangor, Maine. It ran in the Saturday issue of the Whig and Courier , published February 24, 1849 and Sayward, the paper’s editor, deployed a large bold font to announce it. The “First Dispatch of Foreign News from the East!”, Sayward explained, was obtained only with considerable effort. The news from Europe, which crossed the Atlantic aboard the royal mail steamship Europa , was the first foreign news ever to pass by telegraph from St. John, Nova Scotia westward. After the Europa arrived at Halifax on the evening of February 21, a relay of horses carried the news 144 miles to Digby through a recent and heavy fall of snow, the heaviest, it was said, that had been experienced in fifty years. The news did not arrive in Digby until four o’clock the following morning. There it was delayed nearly twelve hours, a consequence of the utter impossibility of breaking a passage for a steamer through the ice with which Digby Bay was jammed. Only with the full force of the engine and paddle wheels, and with the assistance of twenty men, was a channel finally made by which the steamer could pass through the gut between Bay View and Victoria Beach, out into the Bay of Fundy, and onward to St. John, whence the news was finally telegraphed to Bangor, and thence to points south.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".