Presentation and Outcomes of Ectopia Cordis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ectopia cordis, defined as complete or partial displacement of the heart outside the thoracic cavity, is rare. The cause and pathogenesis are unknown. The anatomy of the heart may be normal, but the presence of structural heart disease as well as noncardiac malformations is common. Patients present incidentally after birth or, more recently, the condition has been diagnosed by prenatal echocardiography. OBJECTIVE: To review the presentation, diagnostic imaging, management and outcomes of infants with ectopia cordis at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario. METHODS: The medical records of the database of the Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, were searched; echocardiograms, and surgical and autopsy reports were further reviewed. RESULTS: Between 1978 and 1998, 10 patients with ectopia cordis presented to the authors' centre. Normal cardiac anatomy was noted in three, and mild to complex structural cardiac anomalies were noted in the remainder. Associated noncardiac malformations were found in six cases. Six were diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound between 19 and 37 weeks of gestation. Pregnancies were electively terminated or the infants died shortly after birth. Four other neonates with ectopia cordis were referred to the authors' centre. All of these infants subsequently died either at the time of surgery for cardiac and noncardiac anomalies or in the immediate postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Despite modern treatment options, the mortality remains high for patients with ectopia cordis, especially in the presence of structural heart disease or other malformations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".