Bibliographic record
Abstract
Muslim diaspora law is the Islamic law that deals with specific and unique issues facing Muslim diasporas, that is, Muslim populations permanently settled in non-Muslim states. Muslim diaspora law, just like any other part of Islamic law, must be compatible with the Basic Code, the Qur'an and the Prophet's Sunnah. Because Muslim emigrants face social, economic, and political circumstances that Muslims living in Islamic states do not, Muslim diaspora law dealing with worldly matters ( muamalaat ) may differ from the conventional norms of Islamic law. The difference of circumstance, however, cannot compromise the basic principles of Islamic law. For the most part, Muslim diasporas are not exempt from the primary obligations of ibadaat (acts of worship), including daily prayers, fasting in the month of Ramadhan, and paying zakah . Nor are Muslims authorized to make changes in laws dealing with ibadaat . The fundamental principles, including piety in lifestyles, reverence for parents, kindness for children, respect for spouses, and care for neighbors remain unchanged and apply to all Muslims, regardless of where they live or work. Muslim diaspora law discussed in this chapter does not answer all the predicaments that Muslims face in non-Muslim states. However, this chapter discusses a few general ideas and invites scholars to further develop Muslim diaspora law. The diaspora law is also applicable to occupied Muslim communities. Occupied Muslim populations share one simple but momentous fact with Muslim diasporas, that is, each population lives as a minority among non-Muslims. Occupied Muslim communities living under the sovereignty of non-Muslim states face many social, economic, cultural, and religious challenges similar to Muslim diasporas settled in non-Muslim states.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.044 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".