Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada provides an interesting case study of the interaction of free speech and the judiciary in large part because of the impact of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (henceforth ‘the Charter’) on the topic. The Charter was enacted as a constitutional bill of rights in 1982. Subject to demonstrably justified reasonable limits that are prescribed by law, the Charter protects freedom of expression. It also recognises the importance of judicial independence and impartiality by providing a right to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal. In addition, it protects equality rights. The Charter has had a significant liberating effect on critical speech about the judiciary and on extra-judicial free speech by sitting judges. Today, judges in Canada make extra-judicial speeches on matters of public controversy that would have been unacceptable in the pre-Charter era. Canadian judges can now discuss labour, health, national security and criminal justice policy and the treatment of disadvantaged groups and justifiably claim that they are focusing on issues that relate to the administration of justice.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.030 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".