Regional Integration: NAFTA and the Reconfiguration of North American Industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The impacts of regional integration on firm location strategies post‐1989 in North America are investigated using three different data sets. First, World Investment Report data (UNCTAD, 1998) show changes in the stock of North American inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) over the 1985–97 period. Second, two‐way FDI stock data from the OECD (1997) provide a snapshot of intraregional and extraregional North American integration in 1989 and 1994. Third, using US inward FDI data for the 1989–94 period, investment patterns are compared of insider firms (Canada and Mexico) with outsider firms (all others) along four dimensions: timing of FDI, mode of entry, state location, and industry choice. Since NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) took effect on 1 January 1994, the data should be seen as more reflective of the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement, but some interesting patterns of responses to regional integration are found that suggest the regional integration process in North America is significantly affecting plant location decisions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".