Bibliographic record
Abstract
‘Globalization’ generally refers to the development that took place after the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s as more countries embraced free trade economics, leading to greater flows on a global scale of people, goods and money. Even before Japan was caught up in the wave of globalization, an internationalization program had been initiated from the early 1980s by the Japanese government in an attempt to ‘internationalize’ many aspects of Japan’s domestic systems, including rules and regulations, to reduce the ‘trade friction’ the country experienced with the USA and European countries following the ‘economic miracle’. Although there are authors who make a distinction between ‘internationalization’ and ‘globalization’ — the former is to be encouraged and the latter to be avoided1 — the two terms are often used interchangeably. Such is the case in the Japanese language as well, in spite of the fact that the formal translation of ‘internationalization’ is kokusaika and that of globalization is gurobarizeshon. In the literature discussed in this chapter, the terms have been interchanged unconsciously; when translating them into English, therefore, I have tried to follow the nuance of the terms as they were originally used in the Japanese language.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".