The Relationship of Diabetic Retinopathy to Preclinical Diabetic Glomerulopathy Lesions in Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Few epidemiological data exist regarding the correlation of anatomic measures of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, especially early in the disease processes. The aim of this study was to examine the association of severity of diabetic retinopathy with histological measures of diabetic nephropathy in normoalbuminuric patients with type 1 diabetes. The study included participants (n = 285) in the Renin-Angiotensin System Study (RASS; a multicenter diabetic nephropathy primary prevention trial) who were aged >/=16 years and had 2-20 years of type 1 diabetes with normal baseline renal function measures. Albumin excretion rate (AER), blood pressure, serum creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured using standardized protocols. Diabetic retinopathy was determined by masked grading of 30 degrees color stereoscopic fundus photographs of seven standard fields using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) severity scale. Baseline renal structural parameters, e.g., fraction of the glomerulus occupied by the mesangium or mesangial fractional volume [Vv(Mes/glom)] and glomerular basement membrane width, were assessed by masked electron microscopic morphometric analyses of research percutaneous renal biopsies. No retinopathy was present in 36%, mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 53%, moderate to severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy in 9%, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in 2% of the cohort. Retinopathy was not related to AER, blood pressure, serum creatinine, or GFR. All renal anatomical end points were associated with increasing severity of diabetic retinopathy, while controlling for other risk factors. These data demonstrate a significant association between diabetic retinopathy and preclinical morphologic changes of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".