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Chapter 16 Risks from animals

2008· book-chapter· en· W2479798481 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
David A. Warrell

Bibliographic record

VenueOxford University Press eBooks · 2008
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldVeterinary
TopicAnimal testing and alternatives
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsBusiness

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

David Warrell Animals, especially large ones, wild and domesticated, should always be treated with respect and not approached unnecessarily. Tigers, lions, leopards and other big cats, hyenas, domestic dogs, jackals, wolves, bears, elephants, rhinos, hippopotamuses, buffaloes, bison, domestic cattle, moose, elk, other large deer and antelopes, domestic and wild pigs, rams, tapirs, chimpanzees, baboons, ostriches, cassowaries, and even ferrets have killed people. Learn about the local hazards by asking the residents. Be vigilant at all times. Beware of wandering alone and unprotected between dusk and dawn when most attacks by large mammals occur. Travel in groups, do not stray from vehicles, and do not take dogs with you; they attract large predators. A look-out armed with a large caliber rifle (preferably >0.35 mm) is essential if you are working in the open in country inhabited by big game animals. All bears, even giant pandas, are potentially dangerous carnivores. Mothers with cubs are responsible for 80% of attacks on people. In North America, where backpackers and campers in national parks are victims of daytime/ evening attacks, black bears (Ursus americanus) were responsible for about 5.8 attacks and 0.3 deaths/year, while brown bears (U. arctos), including grizzlies and Kodiak bears, were responsible for about 1.65 attacks and 0.6 deaths/year in the 1990s. Brown bears also kill and injure people in Romania, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe. Polar bears (U. maritimus) are the most predatory, aggressive, and dangerous of all, killing six people in Canada (1965–85), and attacking 50 people in Svalbard (Spitzbergen, Norway) (1973–86) ( p. 592–3). Asian sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) killed 48 people and injured 687 in Madya Pradesh, India (1989–94).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.988
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.250
GPT teacher head0.321
Teacher spread0.072 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreOther

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2008
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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