Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to understand how exile and expulsion could become mass phenomena from the late fifteenth century, we need to look at how European Christians of the centuries before this pictured their society and their relation to God. There was little unity and certainly no uniformity of views, and broad gaps between ideal and reality were the norm. When many Christians described community, they used the metaphor of a human body and in particular the Body of Christ. The metaphor of the Body had different linked dimensions: the social Body of Christians ( Corpus Christianum ) drew ultimately on the spiritual Body of Christ ( Corpus Christi ). This physical metaphor for the social community of believers distinguished Christianity from Judaism and Islam, and provided a very powerful imaginative framework for thinking about what characterized a pure social community and what threatened it. Pictures and rituals put the idea of a Corpus Christianum at the centre of the Christian imaginary, and European Christians took responsibility for failing to reach the ideal community that it represented. But throughout the fourteenth century they became increasingly aware of other threats to that Body. There were threats from outside: the Ottoman Turks represented the biggest external threat, and the rising tide of Islam seemed repeatedly to be on the verge of drowning the Corpus Christianum entirely. And there were threats from within: heretics who rejected Catholic doctrines and structures, witches in league with the devil, and Jews who stubbornly refused to accept Christianity were all infections in one or another part of the body. Left unchecked, these infections would spread like a contagion across the whole Body of Christ. Religious leaders and institutions ought to be the spiritual doctors who could halt this contagion, but they often seemed too divided and preoccupied with their own interests to do much good. A Body thus weakened needed strong purgative medicines to restore it to health: doctors cut into the veins of sick patients to release bad and infected blood, gave emetics to trigger violent vomiting, enemas to empty the bowels, and diuretics to clear the bladder. The source of sickness had to be eliminated from the body before healing could begin.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.054 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".