Canada’s Fraying Commitment to Multilateral Development Cooperation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Faced with the simultaneous challenges of financial, environmental, and food crises, as well as the growing power of Southern countries, the multilateral development system has not yet adapted to the emerging twenty-first century global development challenges — or rather the states that constitute the system have not yet taken the steps to renew it. On the contrary, Western countries’ support for multilateral development cooperation declined in the 2000s (OECD 2011, 5, 26; Picciotto 2012, 64). Multilateralism has become ‘frayed [at] the edges if not the core’ (Leipziger 2012, 17). While Canada is a relatively small player in global aid, it has traditionally been engaged within institutions and committed to the principles and practice of multilateralism. That commitment, however, has — like those of Canada’s counterparts — been declining. A closer look at the Canadian case illustrates the new shapes that multilateral development cooperation is taking. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".