Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter deals with the two important theoretical/philosophical problems facing the human rights movement: relativism and collective rights. If the relativist idea of cultural contingency in moral standards is professed, and conversely rejected in any form of ethical universality, it is likely to support the notion that discrete societies are themselves the best source of values, guidance, and growth for individuals. On the other hand, if one admits to a universal code of ethics, one that transcends all cultures, times, and places, he or she becomes interested in protecting individuals, making cultural affiliation a matter of choice. Collective/individual rights are a legal policy outcome of one's position on cultural relativism, an outcome that is even now being contested, with the political and economic stakes increasing, in efforts to set human rights standards for indigenous peoples. To properly handle these issues, the chapter is separated in legal and policy implications of collective rights from the more philosophical and, in practical terms, insoluble questions posed by relativism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.043 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".