Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the strictest sense of the term, Germany is not rich in postcolonial literature, and that is a consequence of its brief colonial history. Though Germans’ ‘colonial fantasies’ stretch back centuries and individual Germans were often involved in voyages of scientific exploration, pursued missionary or commercial activity elsewhere, or participated in other countries’ colonial ventures, state-sponsored German colonialism did not begin until after German unification in 1871. German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck initially opposed German overseas expansion, but in 1884 reversed course and joined Germany’s European rivals in the scramble for Africa. On 24 April 1884 Bismarck proclaimed that the parts of Southwest Africa granted to tobacco merchant Adolf Lüderitz were now under German protection. Despite Bismarck’s explicit instructions to the contrary, colonial explorer Carl Peters soon thereafter declared the coast of East Africa to be a German protectorate. Bismarck himself ordered a German gunboat to secure Togo and Cameroon as protectorates in the summer of 1884, and in the Pacific he mainly claimed areas in which German commercial interests were already active. At the Berlin West Africa (Congo) conference of 1884–5, the European colonial powers confirmed the colonial subdivision of Africa among themselves. By 1885 Germany had acquired its entire colonial empire: four African territories (Southwest Africa, Togo, Cameroon and German East Africa) and several territories in the Pacific (northeastern New Guinea, part of Samoa, the Bismarck, Marshall, Carolina and Mariana Islands, and Kiachow on the Shantung Peninsula in China).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".